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Kephale (Byzantine Empire)
In the late Byzantine Empire, the term ''kephalē'' ((ギリシア語:κεφαλή), "head") was used to denote local and provincial governors.
It entered use in the second half of the 13th century, and was derived from the colloquial language. Consequently, it never became an established title or rank of the Byzantine imperial hierarchy, but remained a descriptive term.〔.〕 In essence, the ''kephalē'' replaced the Komnenian-era ''doux'' as the civil and military governor of a territorial administrative unit, known as a ''katepanikion'' (κατεπανίκιον),〔Not to be confused with the very different katepanates of the 10th-11th centuries.〕 but also termed a ''kephalatikion'' (κεφαλατίκιον). In size, these provinces were small compared to the earlier ''themata'', and could range from a few villages surrounding the ''kephalēs seat (a ''kastron'', "fortress"), to an entire island.〔 This arrangement was also adopted by the Second Bulgarian Empire (as (ブルガリア語:кефалия), ''kefaliya'') and Serbian Empire (as (セルビア語:кефалиja), ''kefalija'').
In the 14th century, superior ''kephalai'' were appointed (''katholikai kephalai'', "universal heads") overseeing a group of provinces under their respective ''() kephalai'' ("() heads"). The former were usually kin of the emperor or members of the senior aristocratic clans. By the late 14th century, with the increasing decentralization of the Empire and the creation of appanages in the form of semi-independent despotates, these senior posts vanished.〔
==References==
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